Again, it would be nearly impossible for you to remember all of these examples, including those not listed above, so be sure to consult a dictionary when you need to be certain as to whether you should add a hyphen or not. Another good tip is to get yourself a copy of Dryers English , a style guide, as it will help you become more accustomed to some of these spelling and grammar nuances.
You can also find this work on Amazon. Earlier, we said that two-part adjectival phrases often require a hyphen if they precede a noun. I had a ridiculously small lunch, so I was starving by the time I left work today. That is grammatically incorrect.
Another instance where you can avoid the use of a hyphen is when the adjectival phrase or compound does not precede a noun but, rather, follows it. As we stated earlier, the tricky part is in understanding what, precisely, is high quality.
High quality falls into the category of a compound adjective, so the rule you want to remember is that if the phrase precedes a noun, you will need a hyphen. If it does not precede a noun, you do not need a hyphen, despite its being a compound adjective. Both of these sentences are communicating the same idea. The restaurant served beautiful meals containing high-quality ingredients.
The meals the restaurant served contained ingredients that were high quality. Again, here you can see that in the second sentence, high quality follows the noun.
There is no confusion for your reader about what is high quality — you can easily infer that the writer is speaking of the ingredients. Often, you can assume that the confusion your reader may experience if you forget the hyphen will not be a problem — he or she will likely easily figure out what you are trying to say. But there are indeed situations where this can become tricky.
You could read the first sentence and assume that the school students themselves were intoxicated. However, in the second sentence, adding the hyphen communicates clearly that the students were not at all intoxicated but, rather, they were high-school-age students or teenagers.
NIH biosketch and the personal narrative. When you have a has-been Is it justified to justify? Recent Posts. NIH scored you Tables and Graphs and Figures Bias in Study.
NIH scored your proposal CSE Scientific Numbers. Style: Pt 1. So many verb tenses you don't know what to do? Overview of Statistics for Medical Writers. October 2 2 posts September 5 5 posts April 3 3 posts February 6 6 posts January 20 20 posts. Words formed with the prefix co should be hyphenated. This is University style.
Using a hyphen between the co and the root word makes the word more readable and prevents confusion. Exceptions: coed, coeducational, cooperate. Compounds with well-, ill-, better-, best-, high-, little-, lesser-, low- , etc. Hyphenate grade-poin t. Avoid abbreviating this, but if you must, use GPA -all caps, no periods.
A hyphen joins words to form compound adjectives or is used to attach certain prefixes or suffixes to words. The dash that is usually typed as two hyphens -- is typeset as an em dash -. It indicates a break in thought and can be used within a sentence to insert a parenthetical phrase.
Neither a double hyphen nor an em dash should have spaces on either side. The en dash - is used between ranges of numbers or dates, or between adjectival phrases containing two-word concepts ; pp. En dashes do not have spaces on either side. Do not use an en dash to replace a hyphen.
If you need a detailed description, see the Chicago Manual. As adverb , no hyphens; as adjective , hyphens.
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